path: root/NixOS on my server/index.md

---
description: Updating over wireguard without cutting the branch you're sitting on, migrating services
created: 2026-05-09
---

I wish to try out nix on server infrastructure, my public server is the least critical server,
as it mainly serves as my playground.
I will be deploying nix the nix way, to get the full benefits.
This means transition all my services to being fully declared with nix.

My services:
- 1 static NGINX website
- 1 CGit instance
- 4 python flask applications
- 1 postgres database with postgis
- 1 tor hidden service

and a bunch of regular server setup built up over the years,
you'll be supprised how many small things you've set up over the years


## Deployment with automatic rollback if unreachable

### Problem

I recently set out to migrate this server to NixOS.
It's only available over wireguard, when running `nixos-rebuild switch` with the wireguard address as `--target-host`,
it's really easy to set some config option that makes the system unreachable.

### Simple native solution

Recovering is easy, there's a command to switch back to the booted system.

```console
[root@node5:~]# ls -lah /run/*system
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 85 May  2 13:31 /run/booted-system -> /nix/store/ksj77alpblymmnhfyzb3r5vlb4d7qhr8-nixos-system-node5-25.11.20260415.1766437
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 85 May  2 13:31 /run/current-system -> /nix/store/ksj77alpblymmnhfyzb3r5vlb4d7qhr8-nixos-system-node5-25.11.20260415.1766437
```

```console
[root@node5:~]# /run/booted-system/bin/switch-to-configuration
Usage: switch-to-configuration [check|switch|boot|test|dry-activate]
check:        run pre-switch checks and exit
switch:       make the configuration the boot default and activate now
boot:         make the configuration the boot default
test:         activate the configuration, but don't make it the boot default
dry-activate: show what would be done if this configuration were activated

```

Now it would be nice if there was an automated rollback in case the system became unreachable.
This could be as simple as: run a root tmux with `sleep 300 && /run/booted-system/bin/switch-to-configuration`
However what does it do if an activation take more than 5 minutes, what if you forget?
Plus i even had once where the wireguard service didn't come up by it self again.
It would be nicer with a purpose build tool.

### deploy-rs

[deploy-rs - github.com](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs) seems to fit the bill with it's ✨Magic Rollback✨

*"There is a built-in feature to prevent you making changes that might render your machine unconnectable or unusuable,
which works by connecting to the machine after profile activation to confirm the machine is still available,
and instructing the target node to automatically roll back if it is not confirmed"*
- [deploy-rs readme](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs/blob/77c906c0ba56aabdbc72041bf9111b565cdd6171/README.md#:~:text=Rollback-,There,confirmed%2E)

Here's a nice [deploy-rs setup guide - crystalwobsite.gay](https://crystalwobsite.gay/posts/2025-02-09-deploying_nixos#deploying-via-flakes)

<pre>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">index a056d72..b47d632 100644</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">--- a/flake.nix</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">+++ b/flake.nix</span>
<span style="color:teal;">@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@</span>
     };
␠
     node5-nvim.url = &quot;git+https://git.node5.net/nix/nvim&quot;;
<span style="color:lime;">+</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">    deploy-rs.url = &quot;github:serokell/deploy-rs&quot;;</span>
   };
␠
<span style="color:red;">-  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, nixpkgs-unstable, home-manager, ... } @ inputs:</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, nixpkgs-unstable, home-manager, deploy-rs, ... } @ inputs:</span>
     let
       inherit (self) outputs;
       system = &quot;x86_64-linux&quot;;
<span style="color:teal;">@@ -73,6 +75,32 @@</span>
           ];
         };
␠
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">        node5-test = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          specialArgs = {inherit inputs unstable; };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          modules = [</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            ./modules/hosts/node5-test/configuration.nix</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            ./modules/common.nix # nixos stuff I want on all machines</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          ];</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">        };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span>
       };
<span style="color:lime;">+</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">      deploy = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">        nodes = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          node5-test = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            hostname = &quot;192.168.1.63&quot;;</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            sshUser = &quot;root&quot;;</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            profiles = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">              system = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">                user = &quot;root&quot;;</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">                path =</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">                  deploy-rs.lib.${system}.activate.nixos</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">                  self.nixosConfigurations.node5-test;</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">              };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">            };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">        };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">      };</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span>
     };
 }
</pre>

<pre>
❯ deploy .

🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Running checks for flake in .
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> unknown flake output 'deploy'
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Evaluating flake in .
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] The following profiles are going to be deployed:
[node5-test.system]
user = &quot;root&quot;
ssh_user = &quot;root&quot;
path = &quot;/nix/store/z8c3vc2689lbcvplhs42iqzbbb7x7k9s-activatable-nixos-system-node5-25.11.20260415.1766437&quot;
hostname = &quot;192.168.1.63&quot;
ssh_opts = []

🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Building profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Copying profile `system` to node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Creating activation waiter
👀 ℹ️ [wait] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Waiting for confirmation event...
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile
activating the configuration...
setting up /etc...
reloading user units for user...
reloading user units for root...
restarting sysinit-reactivation.target
the following new units were started: NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activation succeeded!
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Magic rollback is enabled, setting up confirmation hook...
👀 ℹ️ [wait] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Found canary file, done waiting!
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Waiting for confirmation event...
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Success activating, attempting to confirm activation
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Deployment confirmed.

    ~/dot-files   master *4 +6 !5 ────────────────────────────────────  52s   impure  21:36:55
</pre>

It deploys a working config successfully,
now let's change the config such that we no longer have SSH access to the server

<pre>
<span style="color:red;">-  networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 22 ];</span>
</pre>

<pre>
❯ deploy .
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Running checks for flake in .
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> unknown flake output 'deploy'
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Evaluating flake in .
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] The following profiles are going to be deployed:
[node5-test.system]
user = &quot;root&quot;
ssh_user = &quot;root&quot;
path = &quot;/nix/store/2dfsx5blqqib25ir0v32azqn2g49d267-activatable-nixos-system-node5-25.11.20260415.1766437&quot;
hostname = &quot;192.168.1.63&quot;
ssh_opts = []

🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Building profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Copying profile `system` to node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Creating activation waiter
👀 ℹ️ [wait] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Waiting for confirmation event...
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile
activating the configuration...
setting up /etc...
reloading user units for user...
reloading user units for root...
restarting sysinit-reactivation.target
reloading the following units: nftables.service
the following new units were started: NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activation succeeded!
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Magic rollback is enabled, setting up confirmation hook...
👀 ℹ️ [wait] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Found canary file, done waiting!
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Waiting for confirmation event...
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Success activating, attempting to confirm activation
⭐ ⚠️ [activate] [<span style="color:#ff8700;">WARN</span>] De-activating due to error
switching profile from version 21 to 20
⭐ ⚠️ [activate] [<span style="color:#ff8700;">WARN</span>] Removing generation by ID 21
removing profile version 21
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Attempting to re-activate the last generation
activating the configuration...
setting up /etc...
reloading user units for user...
reloading user units for root...
restarting sysinit-reactivation.target
reloading the following units: nftables.service
the following new units were started: NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
⭐ ❌ [activate] [<span style="color:#ff0000;">ERROR</span>] Failed to get activation confirmation: Error waiting for confirmation event: Timeout elapsed for confirmation

thread 'tokio-runtime-worker' panicked at /build/source/src/deploy.rs:490:41:
called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: SSHActivateExit(Some(1))
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Deployment confirmed.
🚀 ❌ [deploy] [<span style="color:#ff0000;">ERROR</span>] Activating over SSH resulted in a bad exit code: RecvError(())
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Revoking previous deploys
🚀 ❌ [deploy] [<span style="color:#ff0000;">ERROR</span>] Deployment to node node5-test failed, rolled back to previous generation

    ~/dot-files   master *4 +6 !5 ───────────────────────────────────────────── ✔ 1|0   1m 29s   impure  21:38:27
</pre>

---

<pre>
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Running checks for flake in /home/user/dot-files/
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> unknown flake output 'deploy'
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Evaluating flake in /home/user/dot-files/
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:purple;">warning:</span> Git tree '/home/user/dot-files' is dirty
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] The following profiles are going to be deployed:
[node5-test.system]
user = "root"
ssh_user = "root"
path = "/nix/store/1sqnzii8yiv42v2ci4m2cnx34qc6mima-activatable-nixos-system-node5-test-25.11.20260415.1766437"
hostname = "10.10.41.1"
ssh_opts = []

🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Building profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Copying profile `system` to node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile `system` for node `node5-test`
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Creating activation waiter
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Success activating, attempting to confirm activation
⭐ ℹ️ [activate] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Activating profile
🚀 ℹ️ [deploy] [<span style="color:#00ffff;">INFO</span>] Deployment confirmed.
stopping the following units: wg-quick-wg0.service

</pre>


<pre>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">diff --git a/modules/hosts/node5-test/wireguard.nix b/modules/hosts/node5-test/wireguard.nix</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">index 288f7ae..ad86695 100644</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">--- a/modules/hosts/node5-test/wireguard.nix</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;">+++ b/modules/hosts/node5-test/wireguard.nix</span>
<span style="color:teal;">@@ -7,18 +7,24 @@</span> in
     allowedUDPPorts = [ listenPort ];
     interfaces.&quot;wg0&quot;.allowedTCPPorts = [ 22 ]; # SSH from personal systems
   };
<span style="color:red;">-  networking.wg-quick.interfaces = {</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">  networking.wireguard.interfaces = {</span>
     wg0 = {
<span style="color:red;">-      address = [ &quot;10.10.41.1/24&quot; ];</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">      ips = [ &quot;10.10.41.1/24&quot; ];</span>
       privateKeyFile = &quot;/etc/secrets/wireguard/privatekey&quot;;
       listenPort = listenPort;
       peers = [
         {
<span style="color:red;">-          # T480s</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          name = &quot;T480s&quot;;</span>
           publicKey = &quot;YYjWG9lD4zkjNkjMYH4CfIac1sqsWZknWFh6d4OxmnM=&quot;;
           presharedKeyFile = &quot;/etc/secrets/wireguard/t480s_presharedkey&quot;;
<span style="color:red;">-          allowedIPs = [ &quot;10.10.41.110/24&quot; ];</span>
<span style="color:lime;">+</span><span style="color:lime;">          allowedIPs = [ &quot;10.10.41.110/32&quot; ];</span>
         }
       ];
     };
   };
</pre>

> Note: Allowed IP must be `/32`, `/24` will cause it to silently fail

---

## Front page

Nginx serving static files

### Derivations

Derivations is the way to copy things to the nix store, it's done with the command `stdenv.mkDerivation`, which consists 

1. **Unpack**: handles the preparation of the build environment (e.g. extracting archives, touching files, etc.);
2. **Patch**: handles changes to the underlying source code (e.g. patching bugs, adapting the source code to work in a Nix environment, etc.);
3. **Configure**: handles the configuration of the build environment, for example detecting system capabilities and setting build parameters;
4. **Build**: compiles the source code into binaries, bytecode, or otherwise a distributable form of the source code;
5. **Check**: performs any tests on the compiled package, for example the package's test suite;
6. **Install**: copies the build artefacts to the output directory, handling any needed changes (e.g. directory structure reorganisation);
7. **Fixup**: process the output artefacts to work in a Nix environment (e.g.: strip binaries, override ELF paths, handle dynamic library linking, etc.);
8. **Install Check**: performs any tests on the final output, essentially acting as a integration test into the Nix environment;
9. **Dist**: creates distribution archives (rarely used).

Read more: [source - wiki.nixos.org](https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Derivations#:~:text=By%20common%20convention%2C%20standard%20environment%20derivations%20contain%20the%20following%20phases%2C%20executed%20in%20this%20sequence%3A)

```nix
{ pkgs, lib, ... }:
let
  node5Static = pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation {
    name = "node5-static-site";
    src = ./files;
    postInstall = ''
      mkdir $out
      cp -av ./* $out/
      '';
  };
in
{

  networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 80 443 ];
  services.nginx.enable = true;
  services.nginx.virtualHosts."node5.net" = {
    forceSSL = true;
    enableACME = true;
    root = "${node5Static}";
  };
  security.acme = {
    acceptTerms = true;
    defaults.email = "lets.encrypt@node5.net";
  };
}
```

---

## Blog

### Packaging as binary

Following this example
<https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/Python#With_pyproject.toml>
and adding a bit of meta data, i can now build the application as a command :)

This means you can run it with `nix run git+https://git.node5.net/blog/blog.node5.net_flask`,
or add it to `environment.systemPackages` with

`flake.nix`

```nix
node5-blog.url = "git+https://git.node5.net/blog/blog.node5.net_flask";
```

`configuration.nix`

```nix
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
  inputs.node5-blog.packages.x86_64-linux.default
]
```

```nix
{
  description = "A basic flake using pyproject.toml project metadata";

  inputs = {
    pyproject-nix = {
      url = "github:nix-community/pyproject.nix";
      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    };
  };

  outputs = { nixpkgs, pyproject-nix, ... }:
    let
      inherit (nixpkgs) lib;

      project = pyproject-nix.lib.project.loadPyproject {
        # Read & unmarshal pyproject.toml relative to this project root.
        # projectRoot is also used to set `src` for renderers such as buildPythonPackage.
        projectRoot = ./.;
      };

      # This example is only using x86_64-linux
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux;

      python = pkgs.python3;

    in
    {
      # Build our package using `buildPythonPackage
      packages.x86_64-linux.default =
        let
          # Returns an attribute set that can be passed to `buildPythonPackage`.
          attrs = project.renderers.buildPythonPackage { inherit python; };
        in
        # Pass attributes to buildPythonPackage.
        # Here is a good spot to add on any missing or custom attributes.
        python.pkgs.buildPythonPackage (attrs // {
            meta = {
            description = "Blog backend for blog.node5.net";
            homepage = "https://blog.node5.net/Blog%20meta/";
            changelog = "https://git.node5.net/blog/blog.node5.net_flask/log/";
            mainProgram = "blog-node5";
            };
        });
    };
}
```

<pre>
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">result</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">bin</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│   └── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#C3E88D;">blog-node5</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">lib</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│   └── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">python3.13</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│       └── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">site-packages</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           ├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">__pycache__</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">article.cpython-313.opt-1.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">article.cpython-313.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">blog_node5_net.cpython-313.opt-1.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">blog_node5_net.cpython-313.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">db_handler.cpython-313.opt-1.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">db_handler.cpython-313.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">telegram_handler.cpython-313.opt-1.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   └── </span><span style="color:#C3E88D;">telegram_handler.cpython-313.pyc</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           ├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">blog_node5_net-0.1.0.dist-info</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span>entry_points.txt
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span>METADATA
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span>RECORD
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   ├── </span>top_level.txt
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           │   └── </span>WHEEL
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           ├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#C3E88D;">article.py</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           ├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#C3E88D;">blog_node5_net.py</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           ├── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#C3E88D;">db_handler.py</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">│           └── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#C3E88D;">telegram_handler.py</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">└── </span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#89DDFF;">nix-support</span>
<span style="font-weight:bold;filter: contrast(70%) brightness(190%);color:dimgray;">    └── </span>propagated-build-inputs
</pre>


`cat result/nix-support/propagated-build-inputs`

```
/nix/store/10hk7srr12wgp2hqm5lai0xxr69m76b7-python3.13-flask-3.1.2 /nix/store/jl0mxihyizv77l66mzbvmv49iiri72sd-python3.13-pyyaml-6.0.3 /nix/store/pkj9yz58kijfwyg4c0xpwc2dlwwswr6s-python3.13-markdown-3.10.2 /nix/store/6svr8x0lzmsn8d70asdc5qns35273216-python3.13-python-telegram-bot-22.7 /nix/store/6snki2zk3rmh13wwi07g3x79a1rr032m-python3.13-pygments-2.20.0 /nix/store/rfhv4bxzg6aqv7ll7d2g3fx7vdj63ks3-python3.13-tabulate-0.10.0 /nix/store/0r6k8xa2kgqyp3r4v2w7yrb80ma2iawm-python3-3.13.12 
```

or listed out

- /nix/store/10hk7srr12wgp2hqm5lai0xxr69m76b7-python3.13-flask-3.1.2
- /nix/store/jl0mxihyizv77l66mzbvmv49iiri72sd-python3.13-pyyaml-6.0.3
- /nix/store/pkj9yz58kijfwyg4c0xpwc2dlwwswr6s-python3.13-markdown-3.10.2
- /nix/store/6svr8x0lzmsn8d70asdc5qns35273216-python3.13-python-telegram-bot-22.7
- /nix/store/6snki2zk3rmh13wwi07g3x79a1rr032m-python3.13-pygments-2.20.0
- /nix/store/rfhv4bxzg6aqv7ll7d2g3fx7vdj63ks3-python3.13-tabulate-0.10.0
- /nix/store/0r6k8xa2kgqyp3r4v2w7yrb80ma2iawm-python3-3.13.12

### Prod UWSGI

Following [the "Official NixOS Wiki" page for UWSGI](https://wiki.nixos.org/wiki/UWSGI)
gives us an example of how to host an application with UWSGI.
It hinges on `pythonPath` to function, this is a list of paths to python packages.

```
nix-repl> inputs.nixpkgs.legacyPackages.aarch64-linux.oncall.pythonPath
"/nix/store/w9v0xf1jg5agcxrn8fzl3nxqsrrbxam4-python3-3.13.12/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/vwql81c83bdidrnfbf91477i3izhj469-python3.13-beaker-1.13.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/h7q4mj3p6cc1zdpg0hf2rlf5x7bqjfnx-python3.13-falcon-4.0.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/wvhh1s7fdkslx02jplcwfyrqhhzp6s84-python3.13-falcon-cors-1.1.7/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/9rnq594bh5wzqw1k6npykgxmhgkyvbrv-python3.13-gevent-25.5.1/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/hz7x8s6mxmbnlbkxf5h4717hr8ing3g6-python3.13-gunicorn-23.0.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/jb72aqjm73c45j1zch7647rky6wqmfbf-python3.13-icalendar-6.3.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/3hqasdzwya752k4lvclmkvzqymj93yqd-python3.13-irisclient-1.2.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/wrrd7848134g5fxml6rhyy2gy1pszm80-python3.13-jinja2-3.1.6/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/2r3gb5z2h6vg4i7jppwxyvwjfj9m7aa9-python3.13-phonenumbers-9.0.10/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/v5lryy9ip42l4j8nqb0ai85gs0ps2h8v-python3.13-pymysql-1.1.1/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/8llwrni08jgbai4h1gzid2j951zm008d-python3.13-python-ldap-3.4.5/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/bkkhkgp46vvxp3cdcr0kkhga0wipqr7g-python3.13-pytz-2025.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/rvq6x8wh9xrf26r0ar60zmc44g7akhrq-python3.13-pyyaml-6.0.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/xfq8fkgpm8a5v6sqacs0s0h776547df5-python3.13-ujson-5.10.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/9bvzi4y2xqk6v6zsqjipx3il1n5q7wyq-python3.13-webassets-2.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/c0r4ikngyy6b6d11vgg69dp23amn84r6-python3.13-sqlalchemy-2.0.44/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/r09fvwifl9hbk07z0v8w28lwj08fq49w-python3.13-pycrypto-3.23.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/6w5ykz0ql7iq3kl7z0bzj91mfzg2zv88-python3.13-cryptography-46.0.7/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/jxnid1fl09j140mb7galy581p0yl8n32-python3.13-greenlet-3.2.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/zq2wjvr0ggry3l1c6i429yn6mlj06w3g-python3.13-typing-extensions-4.15.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/sbn0djkjz9y04pi0kqdrr8gr2ch2yqpf-python3.13-pycryptodome-3.23.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/qck3biyzm0dllzqbipcrrzq8833dgv9w-python3.13-cffi-2.0.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/9a6whjkar8lgcx4r7s1raghy8cx2qmvi-python3.13-pycparser-2.23/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/zlyab7h640ndms7j1hddqg21qffjyg9h-python3.13-importlib-metadata-8.7.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/01c584pblchs1mb8a8x8qv7nrqqmnj34-python3.13-zope-event-5.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/kfqnq2yja6a8mpviddf0hwwbyj02lgrh-python3.13-zope-interface-7.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/4yx6g5cmf7qdz3ma1kxyihh2qax5wiyl-python3.13-toml-0.10.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/mbp694ghx6mxq688ki82zy0sh81f32xp-python3.13-zipp-3.23.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/wq0qqmf5hb2mvihhjlqkn5f78df7z764-python3.13-packaging-25.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/jqpbhxhfc5rn2s7vg2d0k27xgnay5w99-python3.13-python-dateutil-2.9.0.post0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/mmpgfjlkjmnmck321z2l02794hz4mh26-python3.13-tzdata-2025.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/z120cd67469z5n44cpdyp4928kz5lmm5-python3.13-six-1.17.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/4iaiqf1rgap1yycfn2hypk8z461b0jfk-python3.13-requests-2.33.1/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/8qfwrsrj394j1fp4mvjdb6b1n41sd8n5-python3.13-certifi-2025.07.14/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/r74s0kvqgk32yx74l4fi4fgvghlli0g5-python3.13-charset-normalizer-3.4.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/ifjkkxadz3m6yfj8ldnbf732fh9h0xm8-python3.13-idna-3.11/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/3yhphqykh9vhdaks6r68g1lkj8gs5b79-python3.13-urllib3-2.5.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/w0x1yqwy7sgagkxs1kjxdd2myvw28gn6-python3.13-markupsafe-3.0.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/q56lcwiczk03wvkhnrmgcqrgmrxc0y0p-python3.13-pyasn1-0.6.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/89al2y3ivn1fc8r86zhsd8q442y5izsz-python3.13-pyasn1-modules-0.4.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/gaj10yk8vl094knp2s4ah10z0xqfgx8l-oncall-0-unstable-2025-04-15/lib/python3.13/site-packages"

nix-repl> inputs.node5-blog.outputs.packages.x86_64-linux.default.pythonPath
[ ]
```

the package from the UWSGI example exports a python path, mine does not, exmining
[the package from the UWSGI example](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/nixos-25.11/pkgs/by-name/on/oncall/package.nix),
it defines the `pythonPath` by hand

```nix
pythonPath = "${python3.pkgs.makePythonPath dependencies}:${oncall}/${python3.sitePackages}";
```

Modifying my flake to export pythonPath aswell, by moving the pkg build to `let in`, and exposing it in the output.

```nix
let
  ...

  pkg = python.pkgs.buildPythonPackage (attrs // {
      meta = {
        description = "Blog backend for blog.node5.net";
        homepage = "https://blog.node5.net/Blog%20meta/";
        changelog = "https://git.node5.net/blog/blog.node5.net_flask/log/";
        mainProgram = "blog-node5";
      };
    });
in
{
  packages.x86_64-linux.default = pkg;
  pythonPath = "${python.pkgs.makePythonPath attrs.dependencies}:${pkg}/${python.sitePackages}";
}
```

Success

```nix-repl
nix-repl> outputs.pythonPath
"/nix/store/0r6k8xa2kgqyp3r4v2w7yrb80ma2iawm-python3-3.13.12/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/10hk7srr12wgp2hqm5lai0xxr69m76b7-python3.13-flask-3.1.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/jl0mxihyizv77l66mzbvmv49iiri72sd-python3.13-pyyaml-6.0.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/pkj9yz58kijfwyg4c0xpwc2dlwwswr6s-python3.13-markdown-3.10.2/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/6svr8x0lzmsn8d70asdc5qns35273216-python3.13-python-telegram-bot-22.7/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/6snki2zk3rmh13wwi07g3x79a1rr032m-python3.13-pygments-2.20.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/rfhv4bxzg6aqv7ll7d2g3fx7vdj63ks3-python3.13-tabulate-0.10.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/77p6rnrhbc14aaw7iwf6d7vxl89qa9kj-python3.13-click-8.3.1/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/8qn7dwv1rh0h80k7w0f9pa798y90vv2y-python3.13-blinker-1.9.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/vxp23qrd7v308fr6g63cbai6lpxqm13j-python3.13-itsdangerous-2.2.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/2kwicy8c1ab6zw8p1ps3nnn623b68dn0-python3.13-jinja2-3.1.6/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/hmgasx01bmwlz4nr23gm13q9hnqkqw19-python3.13-werkzeug-3.1.6/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/jpyvycfsc7gx267kaswq71dawa5ng0vq-python3.13-markupsafe-3.0.3/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/r70kacvi02lxf71qmdhqqfjfbbzcr2pc-python3.13-httpx-0.28.1/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/7y5zfyjwhqgxil8kq9qqsfbw00rmqzrn-python3.13-anyio-4.13.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/hqpy59n4gai7vdd2wdzvgax6gjnk83wc-python3.13-certifi-2026.01.04/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/hgsr99pnjk2bcjc4z3m0z6a76kgjnlyh-python3.13-httpcore-1.0.9/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/ffl6rnq6adprav63d171av3v1a9c4a7x-python3.13-idna-3.11/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/yz02xvcmxq8x69vdfhabqls4qpbi2n2h-python3.13-h11-0.16.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages:/nix/store/wlx6zqsn7sx3n005izf63gaigzp2wc1n-python3.13-blog.node5.net-0.1.0/lib/python3.13/site-packages"
```

Full blog flake:

```nix
{
  description = "A basic flake using pyproject.toml project metadata";

  inputs = {
    pyproject-nix = {
      url = "github:nix-community/pyproject.nix";
      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    };
  };

  outputs = { nixpkgs, pyproject-nix, ... }:
    let
      inherit (nixpkgs) lib;

      project = pyproject-nix.lib.project.loadPyproject {
        # Read & unmarshal pyproject.toml relative to this project root.
        # projectRoot is also used to set `src` for renderers such as buildPythonPackage.
        projectRoot = ./.;
      };

      # This example is only using x86_64-linux
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.x86_64-linux;

      python = pkgs.python3;

      # Returns an attribute set that can be passed to `buildPythonPackage`.
      attrs = project.renderers.buildPythonPackage { inherit python; };

      pkg = python.pkgs.buildPythonPackage (attrs // {
          meta = {
            description = "Blog backend for blog.node5.net";
            homepage = "https://blog.node5.net/Blog%20meta/";
            changelog = "https://git.node5.net/blog/blog.node5.net_flask/log/";
            mainProgram = "blog-node5";
          };
        });
    in
    {
      packages.x86_64-linux.default =
        pkg;
    } // {
    pythonPath = "${python.pkgs.makePythonPath attrs.dependencies}:${pkg}/${python.sitePackages}";
  };
}
```

We can use it like this:

```nix
{ inputs, pkgs, ... }:
let
  user = "blog";
  working_dir = "/var/lib/blog";
  db_location = "${working_dir}/blog.node5.net.db";

  # Combine articles and other blog source files like templates and static files
  content = pkgs.stdenv.mkDerivation {
    pname = "node5-blog-content";
    version = "1.0";

    src = "${inputs.blog-articles}";

    buildPhase = ''
      mkdir -p $out/articles
      cp -a ${inputs.blog-articles}/* $out/articles/

      mkdir -p $out/blog.node5.net
      cp -a ${inputs.node5-blog}/blog.node5.net/* $out/
    '';
  };
in
{
  users.extraUsers.${user} = {
    isSystemUser = true;
    description = "blog service user";
    home  = "/nonexistent";
    shell = "/usr/sbin/nologin";
    group = "${user}";
  };

  # https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Nginx#UNIX_socket_reverse_proxy
  users.groups."${user}".members = [ "nginx" ];
  systemd.services.nginx.serviceConfig.ProtectHome = false;

  # Create project directories
  systemd.tmpfiles.rules = [
    "d /run/blog 0770 blog nginx"
    "d ${working_dir} 0771 blog uwsgi"
  ];

  # init DB if it doesn't exist
  systemd.services."uwsgi".preStart = ''/bin/sh -c '
  if [ ! -f ${db_location} ];
  then
    ${pkgs.sqlite}/bin/sqlite3 ${db_location} < ${inputs.node5-blog}/create_db.sql;
  fi'
  '';

  services.uwsgi = {
    enable = true;
    plugins = [ "python3" ];
    instance = {
      type = "emperor";
      vassals = {
        blog = {
          type = "normal";
          env = [
            "PYTHONPATH=${inputs.node5-blog.pythonPath}"
            "CONTENT_ROOT_PATH=${content}"
          ];
          module = "blog_node5_net:app";
          socket = "/run/blog/blog.sock";
          chdir  = "${working_dir}";  # This is where the SQLite database will be stored
          socketGroup   = "nginx";
          immediate-gid = "nginx";
          chmod-socket  = "770";
          buffer-size   = 32768;
        };
      };
    };
  };

  services.nginx = {
    enable = true;
    virtualHosts."blog.node5.net" = {
      enableACME = true;
      forceSSL   = true;
      locations."/".uwsgiPass = "unix:/run/blog/blog.sock";
    };
  };

}
```

Minor things to improve, but it works

---

## Firewall rejections are logged

By default nix will log firewall rejections, you'll want to turn this off, to save your SSD

networking.firewall.logRefusedConnections
[523935.720369] refused connection: IN=eno1 OUT= MAC=ec:8e:b5:73:ae:6b:22:55:a4:35:cd:8e:08:00 SRC=193.32.209.238 DST=45.145.93.105 LEN=40 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x20 TTL=56 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=33401 DPT=28901 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0